![]() ![]() "Suppose the electron is localized when we begin observing it. That is, instead of colliding billiard balls, they examined a solitary electron in empty interstellar space. Quantum physicists from MIPT decided to check if time could spontaneously reverse itself at least for an individual particle and for a tiny fraction of a second. G. b. lesovik full#The nature of that law has not been explained in full detail, but researchers have made great headway in understanding the basic principles behind it. But these phenomena are not observed, because they would require an isolated system to assume a more ordered state without any outside intervention, which runs contrary to the second law. Most other laws of physics do not prevent rolling billiard balls from assembling into a pyramid, infused tea from flowing back into the tea bag, or a volcano from "erupting" in reverse. What makes the latter look so absurd is our intuitive understanding of the second law of thermodynamics-an isolated system either remains static or evolves toward a state of chaos rather than order. In that case, it is easy to distinguish the real-life scenario from reverse playback. However, imagine recording a cue ball breaking the pyramid, the billiard balls scattering in all directions. It would appear that the billiard balls defy the intuitive sense of time. Moreover, it is not possible to distinguish from the recording if it has been doctored. If a close-up of that event is recorded with a camera and played in reverse, it can still be represented by the same equation. For example, let an equation describe the collision and rebound of two identical billiard balls. Most laws of physics make no distinction between the future and the past. What makes the future different from the past "The most recent paper approaches the same problem from a third angle: We have artificially created a state that evolves in a direction opposite to that of the thermodynamic arrow of time." Then, in December, we published a paper that discusses the violation of the second law via a device called a Maxwell's demon," Lesovik said. "We began by describing a so-called local perpetual motion machine of the second kind. That law is closely related to the notion of the arrow of time that posits the one-way direction of time from the past to the future," said the study's lead author Gordey Lesovik, who heads the Laboratory of the Physics of Quantum Information Technology at MIPT. G. b. lesovik series#1."This is one in a series of papers on the possibility of violating the second law of thermodynamics. Polyakov, Gauge Fields and Strings (Harwood Academic, City, 1987), Chap. Polyakov, Pis’ma ZhETF 22, 503 (1975) Google ScholarĪlso see: A. Perelomov, Scattering, Reactions and Decay in Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics (Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1969) Google Scholar Sudarshan, Fundamentals of Quantum Optics (Benjamin, New York, 1968), Chap. Gardinger, Quantum Noise (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991), Chap. 10, 84 (1963) Google Scholar Crossref, ISI Levitov, “Estimate of minimal noise in a quantum conductor,” preprint cond-mat/9507011. Levitov, “Coherent states of alternating current,” preprint cond-mat/9501040, to appear in Phys. Levitov, “Orthogonality catastrophe in a mesoscopic conductor due to a time-dependent flux,” preprint cond-mat/9312013. ![]() Lesovik, “Quantum measurement in electric circuit,” preprint cond-mat/9401004. Mazenko (World Scientific, Singapore, 1986), p. Imry, Directions in Condensed Matter Physics, edited by G. ![]() Lenstra (Kluwer Academic, New York, 1990), pp. 38 Google ScholarĪnalogies in Optics and Micro Electronics, edited by W. Bruynsraede (Springer, Heidelberg, 1985), Vol. Landauer, in Localization, Interaction and Transport Phenomena, edited by B. Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, edited by B. ![]()
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